सहायता:लोक ज्ञानक्षेत्र

यह पूरा पृष्ठ या उसका कुछ भाग हिंदी भाषा में नहीं है। आप इसका हिंदी में अनुवाद कर हमारी मदद कर सकते हैं।

Public domain

This document attempts to clarify whether copyright applies but see also Copyright policy and Copyright tags for categories to use.

Criteria

These tables summarise the conditions a work must meet in order to be safely considered public domain.^[१][२]

Published in the United States

Date of publication	Condition[३]	What is public domain	Template
(Any time)	prepared by an on-duty officer or employee of the United States Federal Government	all works.	{{PD-USGov}}
	official documents of the United Nations[४]	Official records, UN documents issued with a UN symbol, and not-for-sale public information materials designed primarily to inform the public about United Nations activities	{{PD-UN}}
Before	none.	all works.	{{Pd/1923|year of author's death}}, or {{PD-1923}} if year of author's death is not known, or {{PD-anon-1923}} if anonymous or pseudonymous
–1963	no copyright notice	all works.	{{PD-US-no-notice}}
	with notice, no renewal[१]	all works.	{{PD-US-no-renewal}}
	with notice and renewal[२]	Works published more than 95 years ago ( or earlier)	none.
1964–1977	no copyright notice	all works.	{{PD-US-no-notice}}
	with notice	Works published more than 95 years ago ( or earlier)	none.
1978–February 1989	no notice and no subsequent registration	all works.	{{PD-US-no-notice-post-1977}}
	no notice, but subsequently registered	works of authors who died more than 70 years ago ( or earlier)	none.
	published with copyright notice, originally created in 1977 or earlier	no works until 2048[५]	none.
	published with copyright notice, originally created in 1978 or later	works by authors who died more than 70 years ago ( or earlier).	none.
March 1989–2002	originally created in 1977 or earlier	no works until 2048[५]	none.
	originally created in 1978 or later	works by authors who died more than 70 years ago ( or earlier).	none.
2003 or later	none.	works of authors who died more than 70 years ago ( or earlier)	{{PD-US-unpublished}}

Published outside the United States

Note: Foreign works published after are likely to be still under copyright in the US because of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, even if they briefly entered public domain before the agreement.^[६] Only unambiguous conditions are listed below.

Date of publication	Condition	What is public domain	Template
Before 1 July 1909	none.	all works.	{{Pd/1923|year of author's death}}, or {{PD-anon-1923}} if anonymous or pseudonymous
1 July 1909–	in compliance with US formalities, published in English language, or the author is known to have died in or earlier (more than 70 years ago)	all works.	{{Pd/1923|year of author's death}}, or {{PD-anon-1923}} if anonymous or pseudonymous
–1977	public domain in its home country as of 1 January 1996 and never published in the US prior to that date	all works.	{{PD-1996}}, {{Pd/1996|year of author's death}}, or {{PD-anon-1996}} if anonymous or pseudonymous
After 1 January 1978	copyright in its home country	works by authors who died more than 95 years ago ()

Corporate authorship

'Corporate authorship' refers to works written for hire or in the name of a corporation.

Date of publication	Conditions	Public domain	Template
none.	unpublished	Works created 120+ years ago ()	none.
through 1977	published outside the US and copyright in its home country	works created 120+ years ago () or published 95+ years ago (), whichever is earliest.	none.
1978–1 March 1989	no notice, but subsequent registration or with notice	works created 120+ years ago () or published 95+ years ago (), whichever is earliest.	none.
After 1 March 1989	none.	works created 120+ years ago () or published over 95+ years ago (), whichever is earliest.	none.

Edict of a government, local or foreign

Date of publication	Conditions	Public domain	Template
any	any	Edict of a government, local or foreign; Documents include "judicial opinions, administrative rulings, legislative enactments, public ordinances, and similar official legal documents"	{{PD-GovEdict}}

See Official texts for more information.

Published in Greater China

Condition	What is public domain	Template
Works ineligible for copyright in Mainland China	Laws; regulations; resolutions, decisions and orders of State organs; other documents of a legislative, administrative or judicial nature; and their official translations.	{{PD-PRC-exempt}}
Official works of Macao	Official works, in particular the texts of treaties, laws and regulations and those of reports or decisions by authorities of any kind, and translations thereof.	{{PD-MacaoGov}}
Works ineligible for copyright in Taiwan	The constitution, acts, regulations, official documents (including proclamations, text of speeches, news releases, and other documents prepared by civil servants in the course of carrying out their duties), and their translations and compilations by central or local government agencies.	{{PD-ROC-exempt}}

Published in Germany

Condition	What is public domain	Template
Official works of Germany	Official works released by any German federal or state authority or court. Third party translations are not public domain until 70 years after the death of the translator.	{{PD-DEGov}}

Published in Indonesia

Condition	What is public domain	Template
Works ineligible for copyright	Any result of an open meeting of a government institution; laws and regulations; government speeches or speeches of a government official; court decisions or judicial provisions; or scripture and religious symbols.	{{PD-IndonesianGov}}

Unpublished works

An unpublished work is one that has never been published in any form, or which was first published after 2003 but created before 1935.

Note for the European Union: If a previously unpublished work is published first time ("editio princeps") later than 70 years after the death of the author, then it is no more public domain but it is granted a copyright for 25 years (Council Directive 93/98/EEC, see here)

Type of work	What is public domain	Template
Most works (except those below) or created before 1978 and published after 2002	works of authors who died more than 70 years ago ()	{{PD-old-70}}
anonymous or pseudonymous or author's date of death unknown	Works created more than 120 years ago ()	{{PD-old}}

Miscellaneous

Condition	What is public domain	Template
No creative content	Some works (vague)	{{PD-ineligible}}
Copyright released by holder	All works	{{PD-release}}

Not public domain

Conditions	Date PD
unpublished works created before 1978 and published 1978–2002	No earlier than 2048[३]

Copyright terms by country

These tables outline the estimated length of time of copyright per country^{[७][८][९]}. Laws regarding anonymous works, corporate-authored works, or non-literary works vary per country. This is not intended to be used as a legal guideline since it cannot reflect the complexity of the copyright laws in effect at any one time and since copyright laws are changing continuously; this section simply provides a useful summary as part of a more in-depth research. See also the following Wikipedia copyright length lists for further information:

• List of countries' copyright length
• Official text copyright
• Rule of the shorter term
• Moral rights
• w:Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection

Country	Copyright length
Albania	life + 70
Algeria	life + 50
Andorra	life + 70
Angola	life + 50
Argentina	life + 70
Armenia	life + 50
Aruba	unknown
Australia	life + 50 if author died before 1955, otherwise life + 70
Austria	life + 70
Azerbaijan	life + 50
Bahrain	life + 50
Bangladesh	life + 50
Barbados	life + 50
Belarus	life + 50
Belgium	life + 70
Belize	life + 50
Benin	life + 50
Bhutan	life + 50
Bolivia	life + 50
Bosnia and Herzegovina	life + 70
Brazil	life + 70 for known authors[१०] first publication + 70 for anonymous or pseudonymous works (only if the author doesn't make his identity known before the expiry)[११] first publication + 70 for audiovisual and photographic works[१२], phonograms and transmission for the broadcasts of broadcasting organizations[१३] texts of treaties or conventions, laws, decrees, regulations, judicial decisions and other official enactments shall be excluded from copyright protection[१४]
Brunei	life + 50
Bulgaria	life + 70
Burkina Faso	life + 50
Burundi	life + 50
Cambodia	life + 50
Cameroon	life + 50
Canada	life + 50
Cape Verde	life + 50
Chile	life + 70
China	life + 50
Colombia	life + 80
Costa Rica	life + 70
Cote d'Ivoire	life + 99
Croatia	life + 50 if author died before 1949[१५], otherwise life + 70 [१६][१७]
Cuba	life + 50
Czech Republic	life + 70
Denmark	life + 70
Djibouti	life + 25
Dominica	life + 70
Dominican Republic	life + 50
Ecuador	life + 70
Egypt	life + 50
El Salvador	life + 50
Estonia	life + 70
European Union	life + 70
Fiji	life + 50
Finland	life + 70
France	life + 70, unless Mort pour la France
Georgia	life + 50
Germany	life + 70
Ghana	life + 70
Greece	life + 70
Guatemala	life + 75
Honduras	life + 75
Hong Kong	life + 50
Hungary	life + 70
Iceland	life + 70
India	life + 60 for literary or musical works or artistic works, publication + 60 for others[१८].
Indonesia	life + 50
Iran	life + 30
Iraq	life + 50 (imposed by occupying provisional authority)
Ireland	life + 70
Israel	life + 70
Italy	life + 70
Jamaica	life + 50
Japan	life + 50 (publication + 70 years for motion pictures)
Jordan	life + 50
Kazakhstan	life + 50
Kenya	life + 50
Korea (South)	life + 50
Kuwait	life + 50
Kyrgyzstan	life + 50
Latvia	life + 70
Lebanon	life + 50
Libya	life + 25, with 50-year minimum (as of 1968; may have changed since)
Liechtenstein	life + 70
Lithuania	life + 70
Luxembourg	life + 70
Macao	life + 50
Madagascar	life + 70
Malaysia	life + 50
Maldives	none
Mali	life + 50
Malta	life + 70
Marshall Islands	none
Mauritius	life + 50
Mexico	life + 100
Moldova	life + 50
Mongolia	life + 50
Montenegro	life + 70
Morocco	life + 50
Namibia	life + 50
The Netherlands	life + 70
New Zealand	life + 50
Nicaragua	life + 70
Niger	life + 50 According to Ch. II, Art. 6 of the Nigerien copyright law, items not protected are: official texts of legislative, administrative or judiciary nature, or official translations of such texts, current news items, single facts and statements.
Nigeria	life + 70
Norway	life + 70
Oman	life + 50
Pakistan	life + 50
Palau	life + 50
Panama	life + 50
Papua New Guinea	life + 50
Paraguay	life + 70
Peru	life + 70
Philippines	life + 50
Poland	life + 70
Portugal	life + 70
Qatar	life + 50
Romania	life + 70
Russia	life + 70(74) (life + 50(54) for works whose copyright expired before January 1, 2004)[१९]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	life + 50
Samoa	life + 75
Saudi Arabia	life + 50
Serbia	life + 70
Seychelles	life + 25
Singapore	life + 70
Slovakia	life + 70
Slovenia	life + 70
Solomon Islands	life + 50
South Africa	life + 50
Spain	life + 80 if author died before December 07, 1987[२०], otherwise life + 70 [२१]
Sudan	life + 50
Swaziland	life + 50
Sweden	life + 70
Switzerland	life + 70
Syria	life + 50
Taiwan	life + 50
Tajikistan	life + 50
Tanzania	life + 50
Thailand	life + 50
Togo	life + 50
Tonga	life + 50
Trinidad and Tobago	life + 50
Tunisia	life + 50
Turkey	life + 70
United Arab Emirates	life + 50
United Kingdom	life + 70
United States of America	expired for works published before ; 28 or 95 years for works copyrighted -1963; 95 years for works copyrighted 1964-1977; thereafter life+70.
Uruguay	life + 50
Uzbekistan	life + 50
Venezuela	life + 60
Vietnam	life + 50
Yemen	life + 30
Zambia	life + 50
Zimbabwe	life + 50

Notes

Footnotes

• ^  These works have copyright terms extending 70 years beyond the author's life, or until 31 December 2047 (whichever is greater), pursuant to 17 United States Code 303.
• ^  The United States Copyright renewal records search engine is a useful tool for determining renewal status: it has registrations and renewals after 1978. Stanford Copyright Renewal Database has renewals before 1978.

References

1. The criteria tables are primarily derived from the Cornell Copyright Information Center's Public Domain chart, which is copyrighted by Peter Hirtle and released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License 2.0.
2. Copyright durations, Bromberg and Sunstein, LLP
3. Circular 15a from the United States Copyright Office
4. As Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement for the United Nations, Public Law 80-357 applies the United States laws to the United Nations Headquarters, works published there are copyrighted in the same way as other works published in the United States.
5. s304 Copyright Act 1976 "Copyright in a work created before January 1, 1978, but not theretofore in the public domain or copyrighted, subsists from January 1, 1978, and endures for the term provided by section 302 [17 USCS Sect. 302]. In no case, however, shall the term of copyright in such a work expire before December 31, 2002; and, if the work is published on or before December 31, 2002, the term of copyright shall not expire before December 31, 2027." s302 states "Copyright in a work created on or after January 1, 1978, subsists from its creation and, except as provided by the following subsections, endures for a term consisting of the life of the author and fifty years after the author's death." The Copyright Term Extension Act extended the dates to December 31, 2047 and seventy years after death.
6. Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA). Circular 38b (Portable Document Format), Library of Congress Copyright Office
7. How Can I Tell Whether a Book Can Go Online?, Online Books Page
8. Summary of copyright terms The Online Books Page
9. Collection of National Copyright Laws, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation
10. Law No. 9610 of February 19, 1998, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, article 41
11. Law No. 9610 of February 19, 1998, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, article 43
12. Law No. 9610 of February 19, 1998, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, article 44
13. Law No. 9610 of February 19, 1998, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, article 96
14. Law No. 9610 of February 19, 1998, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, article 8
15. NN 1999/9 Zakon o autorskom pravu (pročišćeni tekst) old law life +50
16. NN 1999/76 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o autorskom pravu change from life +50 to life +70
17. Zakon o autorskom pravu i srodnim pravima (valid law)
18. A Hand Book of Copyright Law, Government of India Ministry of Human Resource Development
19. copyright.ru (Russian)
20. Disposición transitoria cuarta. Autores fallecidos antes del 7 de diciembre de 1987. Ley de propiedad intelectual
21. Artículo 26. Ley de propiedad intelectual

See also

• Category:Copyright law
• United States copyright law
• Wikipedia:Public domain
• Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights
• commons:Commons:Hirtle chart (a chart similar to this one, only for images)
• Public Domain calculator by Europeana